Momento 3:
«Holistic refers to something
that emphasizes the importance of the whole and the interdependence of its
parts. It can be related with the more common used concept of interdisciplinary,
that is, the claim that most social and economic phenomena can not be full
understood or explained without undertaken an approach that goes far behind the
aim of a single scientific discipline.
The first contributes to this
concept were produced by Hunziker and Krapf, in 1942. They rejected looking to
tourism just as an economic phenomenon. Instead, they approached it as a human
and economic activity and a composite phenomenon (Williams, 2004).
Another pioneering
contribution came from Leiper (1979). Later he was followed by Murphy (1985)
and Lew (2001), among others. Leiper advocated a systems approach towards
tourism. Only this way,
he
claimed, one could fully understand destinations, generating areas, transit
zones, the environment and tourism flows.
Current research in tourism,
mostly the case of tourism of experiences, has claimed the need of using holistic
approaches. Studies have privileged the sense of vision instead of all the five
senses that would allow tourists to get an intensive global experience of the
destination components. This relates also with tourism destination
competitiveness, as it arises from many factors, which include, among others,
natural environment, climate, man-made attractions, tourism infra-structures
and supporting facilities, and geographical location.
By 1985, Murphy underlined the
need of a more comprehensive and integrated approach to tourism planning at
local level. This was highlighted taking into account the community approach,
which relates with the idea that, if people have to live with the authorities` decisions,
they must be demanded to take part on the formulation of the policies and on
their application.
Sustainable tourism
development only can be well succeed if the destination is able to supply a
tourist product that can be preserved and renewed in its singularity and if the
interests of the different stakeholders are considered.
A few authors have claimed that
the concept of sustainable development is, itself, holistic and multi-sectorial.
It can be looked as pointing to forms of tourism that are "green" or
"alternative". However, the concept has been used more in theoretical
than empirical terms due to the difficulty of its implementation.
Sustainable tourism
development requires that researchers go on looking for, both, getting a
broader understanding of tourism and making use of a variety of research tools,
of quantitative and qualitative nature, that will allow to improve the rigor of
the analysis.
Headwords: Community development; Tourism management;
Tourism planning; Sustainable tourism
References
Leiper, N.
1979 The framework of
tourism: towards a definition of tourism, tourist, and the tourism industry.
Annals of Tourism Research 6(4): 390-407.
Lew, A.A.
2001 Defining a geography of tourism. Tourism Geographies 3(1):105-114.
Murphy, P.
1985 Tourism. A community
approach, vol. 4. London: Methuen Inc.
Williams, S.
2004 Tourism: The nature and
structure of tourism. London: Routledge.»
Paula Cristina Remoaldo
University of Minho, Portugal
cris.remoaldo@gmail.com
José Cadima Ribeiro
University of Minho, Portugal
jcadima@eeg.uminho.pt
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